Jacques Cartier

Was born in France in 1491. He wanted to reach Asia through or around North America. He traveled across the Atlantic in only 20days on his first voyage, landing in Newfoundland. 

He later sailed up the St. Lawrence River, but he never found a passage to Asia.

Vasco da Gama

Was born in Portugal in 1469. He was the first person to discover the sea route from Europe to India. He returned to Portugal with riches valued at 60 times the cost of the trip.

Ferdinand Magellan

Was born in Portugal in 1480. He found the westward sea route to Asia by sailing around the tip of South America. He also named the Pacific Ocean, in honor of its peaceful waters. 

His travels proved that the world was round.

Cristopher Columbus

He sailed westward to find a sea route to Asia.Spreading Christianity, finding gold, and claiming lands for Spain were the major aims of his travels. He never landed in Asia, but he believed he had.

Amerigo Vespucci

Was a noblemen born in Florence, Italy, in 1454. He wanted to find an all-water route to Asia by going either through or around North America. However, none of these trips were made for his own country. Two were made for Spain, and two for Portugal. North America and South America are named for him.

Louis XIV

Louis XIV was the absolute ruler of France for 72 years. He could demand taxes at any time and imprison people without a trial. He believed in the divine right of kings. His magnificent court earned him the title of " Sun King"    

Cardinal Richelieu

He was born Armand Jean du Plessis in 1585. He was made Prime Minister of France under Louis XIII. He helped  strengthem the monarchy. Even though he was not the king. Richelieu was the most powerful man in France.

Peter the Great

Peter the Great decreased the powers of the church and the feudal lords. He built a powerful national army. Though he was cruel at times, he was called Peter the Great for his vision of a modern Russia.

Charles I

His belief in the divine right of kings caused conflict with Parliament. His battle with the Parliament for absolute power led to civil war in England. Charles lost wars and was beheaded.

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was a strong ruler. Under Elizabeth, the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada. This victory made them the most powerful navy in the world. Elizabeth I respected the wishes of Parliament and was loved by the people. 

Test

a)What was the most important work that Copernicus did?
b) Name the most important invention Galileo Galilei did.
c) Which law did Isaac Newton explain?
d) Who invented the powerful microscope?
e) Did William Harvey understood how muscles move? True-False.
f) Why people called Peter the Great?
g) Did Charles I win the war in England? True- False
h) How long was Louis XVI the absolute ruler of France?
i) Why Elizabeth I was respect and love by the people?
j) Why was Cardinal Richelieu the most powerful man in France even he was not the king?

William Harvey

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Isaac Newton

Galileo Galilei

Copernicous

Catherin de Medic

Catherine de Medici has been held partly responsible for starting the French Wars of Religion.

Catherine de Medici, was the wife of French king, Henri II.

Catherine used the religious friction between the Catholics and the Huguenots to her advantage. That’s why she is known as One of the most powerful female rulers of the Renaissance.

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon was the Queen of England, she was the first wife of the king Henry VIII.

She led to Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII was  king of England .

He is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

There are questions about Henry’s  religion, because when he had problems with money and divorcing he become protestant, he used to use it as a shield, but he really was Catholic.

John Calvin

John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. 

One of the principal figure of the Christian theology, later he will begin a new branches in Christianity called ‘‘ Calvinism’’.

The 4 most important reforms in Calvinism were:

1.That no one engages the Lord's Supper, except with true piety and genuine reverence.

2.A reform of laws concerning marriage according to the Word (Bible).

3.That the children were converted by their parents, and that in certain times of the year appear before the shepherds to make sure they were really learning the Word of God

4.The people participate actively in worship services singing salms.

Leo X

His real name was  Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici.

When he was 13 years old he was appointed to be cardenal .

He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses.

Johann Tetzel

Known because of the sale of indulgences to the believers in numerous regions of Germany.

He started in 1498  in the  monasteries of  San Pablo, then in 1504 he started the  sale of indulgences.

Roman church needed money in order to reconstruct  St. Peter's Basilica, because of it begins the ilegal sale of indulgences.

Martin Luther.

German theology professor who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Luther emphasized that a person is saved by the merciful kindness of God through the merits of Jesus Christ alone, received through faith in Christ.

 His translation of the Bible helped to develop a standard version of the German language and significantly influenced the translation of the Bible into English

Inquisition

Inquisition was the fight against ‘‘heretics’’ within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church.

The laws were inclusive of proscriptions against certain religious crimes (heresy, etc.), and the punishments included death by burning.

Jesuits

¨The Jesuits were the members of a society of Catholics called the Society of Jesus.

¨They were formed as part of the Counter-Reformation in order to recruit more people into the Catholic Church. 

¨They were commissioned to expand the Catholic faith around the world.

¨The Jesuits were a useful tool for keeping Catholicism from being destroyed in the Reformation. 

95 Theses

¨It’s was written to challenge teachings and authorities of the Catholic church.

¨It was written by Martin Luther.

¨The Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in the Holy Roman Empire, where the Ninety-Five Theses famously appeared, held one of Europe's largest collections of holy relics.

¨This led to the reform.

Council of Trent

¨Council: ellected officials who govern a local.

¨His name is given because it conevened in Trent, Italy.

¨The council of Trent happened because people necessarily needed churches discipline.

¨The met in 3 occassions, but failed to reunite Christendom.

Excommunicated

¨It’s a religion censure, permanent or temporary, in a religious community.

¨Excomminication is based in the passage Matthew 18:17, Romans 16:17 and 2nd Epistole of John 7-11.

¨An example of excommunication found in the bible is in 1st of Corinthians 5.

Indulgences

¨Indulgences are the punishes  the Catholic church puts due to sins.

¨The protestant doctrine don’t accept it.

¨It’s granted by the Pope, bishops and cardinals.

Quiz

¨1. What year marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?

¨2. What invention fanned the flame of religious change during the Protestant Reformation?

¨3. Who is known as the "Morning Star of the Reformation"?

¨4. Protestant leaders were concerned about educating the public. What was their main reason for this?

¨5.Who were the main exponers of the Protestant Reform?

Reformation

¨It’s  the beginning of new branches of the Christianity. It was marqued in 1517.

¨Martin Luther and John Calvin were the most important exponers of the Protestant Reform.

¨They wanted to finish some ‘‘ Traditions’’ that the Catholic church has, because they were stealing the believers  in order to be saved.

¨John Wycliffe was the first man in translate the bible in english. He was also known as the"Morning Star of the Reformation“.

¨Martin Luther wanted to make the bible more understandable, in order to make people know what they are truly believing 

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616)

—

He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England.

—There are no pictures of Shakespeare.

—There are no records of his school attendance, but it is highly likely he attended to Stratford Grammar School.

—John and Mary Shakespeare were his parents.

—He was born In the Holy Trinity Church.

—He went to the Stratford Grammar school for boys.

Gutenberg (c. 1398 – February 3, 1468)

• Invented the art of printing with movable types. The block printing was the new way of making books.
• Gutenberg wasn´t open about his invention.
• When Gutenberg went back home  a goldsmith named Fust sued him, he lost all his posessions, but he had a rich friend who bought a new workshop for him.
• The first book that Gutenberg printed was a Latin Bible.
• He made one of the most important inventions even though he died in poverty.
• He influenced all over the world Printing presses were making books in cities all over the continent.
• Exist 22 Gutenberg bibles in all the world.
• He died in Mainz, Germany.

Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446)

  His Birth name was:  Filippo di ser Brunellesco di Lippo Lapi.

  One of the two churches that the Italian architect  designed is: the Basilica of San Lorenzo, (1419-1480s ).

  According to Giorgio Vasari, None could do it but Brunelleschi.

  His principal works are in Italy.

  Brunelleschi and his friend Donatello visited Rome to study the ancient Roman ruins.

  Brunelleschi's first architectural commission was the  Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419-ca.1445), or Foundling Hospital.

  Quiz:http://quiz.thefullwiki.org/Filippo_Brunelleschi

Da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519).

• The most important paints that Da Vinci did are: La Gioconda, The Last Supper, Ginevra de Benci, Virgin of the Rock, Virtual Man.
• The first paint of Da Vinci was made with ink and a pen.
• Da Vinci kept journals where he drew and wrote ideas, he wrote there in mirror image.
• Da Vinci was not only a painter, he was also a musician, mathematician and botanist.
• He made one of the first scientific drawing of a fetus.
• He conceptualised a concentrated solar power, a calculator and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics.
• Only 15 paintings are available in all the world.
• Quiz:http://www.surfnetkids.com/games/leonardo_da_vinci_quiz.htm
• Game: http://www.addictinggames.com/shooting-games/da-vinci-cannon-game.jsp

Buonarroti (6 March 1475-18 February 1564).

• Commonly known as Michelangelo was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer.
• Buonarroti and Da Vinci had a rivalry because the ‘‘Gonfalonier’’( bearer of  the banners king), of Florecia made them to paint the battle of Anghiari.
• The Last Judgement is one of the most known fresco (mural painting) is located in in the Sistine Chapel.
• He didn’t finish the dome for St. Peter Basilica.
• Sistine Chapel is the best known chapel that Buonarroti did it represents the 12 apostles. It has 300 figures on the ceiling. It took 4 years to be build.
• Quiz: http://www.surfnetkids.com/games/michelangelo_buonarroti_quiz.htm

Architecture

• Between 1400 to 1600 AD, a return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy and northern Europe. 
• Renaissance architecture was inspired by architecture of classical Greece and Rome. Earlier Gothic architecture was asymmetrical and complex. Renaissance architecture was highly symmetrical and carefully proportioned.

Anatomy

• Anatomy is the bodily structure of a plant or an animal or of any of its parts.
• Sculptors and painters had to study anatomy in order to make their art more realistic.
• Game:http://www.anatomyarcade.com/games/PAM/PAM.html

Renaissance Art

• Game:http://www.ampgames.com/game/305/Mona-Lisa-Makeover.html
• Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance, emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400.
• The most important artists were:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art#Italian_artists
• Gioconda, by Leonardo Da Vinci is an exaple of renaissance art:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa
• Renaissance Art Quiz:http://www.surfnetkids.com/games/renaissance_quiz.htm

Renaissance

• Name given to the cultural movement that spanned  roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe,  during which there was a cultural and intellectual rebirth in European civilization.
• The most important characters and events were:http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Part%202%20%20World%20of%20Middle%20Ages.htm
• The Renaissance was a bridge connecting many arts and achieved that the world has another perspective on what truly is the art and science.
• David, by Michelangelo is an example of great renaissance:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)